Currency Blocs in the 21 st Century

Some Empirical Findings on Differences between EMS and Non-EMS Regimes: Implications for Currency Blocs

21st Century Regionalism: Filling the gap between 21st century trade and 20th century trade rules

This paper weaves several sets of facts into an argument that: 1) today’s trade is radically more complex, involving a “trade-investment-service nexus”, 2) this 21 st century trade demanded deeper disciplines which were supplied by “21 st century regionalism” while the WTO was otherwise occupied, and 3) 21 st century regionalism has quite different implications for the world trading system than...

Response to Ritschl and Wolf’s Endogeneity of Currency Areas and Trade Blocs: Evidence from the Inter-War Period

Ritschl and Wolf (2003) rely on an unusual variable for currency unions in their empirical analysis. In particular, their data set indicates that all the country-pairs listed below were considered to be in currency unions in the interwar period. Thus, according to Ritschl and Wolf, Austria and Bulgaria were in a currency union. Indeed, Austria was also in currency union with Czechoslovakia, Den...

-century education: A cyber-tooth curriculum?

It is often assumed that the advent of digital technologies requires fundamental change to the curriculum and to the teaching and learning approaches used in schools around the world to educate this generation of “digital natives” or the “net generation”. This article analyses the concepts of 21 st -century skills and critical thinking to understand how these aspects of learning might contribut...

The International Fetal and Newborn Growth Standards for the 21 st Century INTERGROWTH - 21 st Study Protocol International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium